कायदेशीर अटी, स्पष्ट केल्या

जेव्हा तुम्ही कायदेशीर दस्तऐवज तयार करता किंवा भारतात एखाद्या प्रक्रियेचे पालन करता तेव्हा तुम्हाला भेटणारे शब्द साध्या इंग्रजीमध्ये असतात. प्रत्येक नोंद अर्थ देते, सध्याच्या विभाग क्रमांकांसह त्यामागील कायदा, जेव्हा ते महत्त्वाचे असते आणि ते वापरणारे Legal Drive दस्तऐवज.

62 terms · मार्गदर्शक तत्त्वे वाचा

A

Affidavit (sworn statement): A written statement of facts that the person making it (the deponent) swears or affirms to be true before an authorised officer, such as a notary or oath commissioner.
Agreement to sell (sale agreement): A contract in which a seller promises to sell property to a buyer on agreed terms in the future. It does not transfer ownership; that happens only with a registered sale deed.
Anticipatory bail (pre-arrest bail): A direction from a Sessions Court or High Court that a person who fears arrest for a non-bailable offence be released on bail if arrested. It is now under Section 482 of the BNSS.
Apostille (MEA apostille): A certificate issued under the Hague Apostille Convention that authenticates an Indian public document for use in other member countries. In India, apostilles are issued by the Ministry of External Affairs.
Attestation (attesting witness): Witnessing the signing of a document and signing it as a witness. Some documents, such as wills, gift deeds and mortgages, are valid only if attested by at least two witnesses.

B

Board resolution: A formal decision taken by a company's board of directors at a meeting or by circulation, recorded in the minutes. Banks, registrars and other offices ask for a certified copy as proof of authority.

C

Caveat: A notice filed in court by a person who expects someone to file a case or application against them, asking to be heard before any order is passed. It stays in force for 90 days.
Certified copy: An official copy of a court order, judgment or public record, certified by the issuing office as a true copy. It is needed for appeals and is accepted as proof of the original.
Cheque bounce (Section 138) (dishonour of cheque, Section 138): The offence of issuing a cheque for a debt that is returned unpaid, and not paying within 15 days of a legal notice. It is punishable under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.
Codicil: A document that adds to, changes or explains a will that has already been made. It must be signed and attested in the same way as a will.
Cognizable offence (non-cognizable offence): An offence for which the police can register an FIR and arrest without a warrant from a magistrate, usually a more serious offence. The First Schedule of the BNSS says which offences are cognizable.
Compounding of offences (compromise in criminal case): Settling a criminal case by agreement between the victim and the accused, with the court's permission where the law requires it. Only offences listed in Section 359 of the BNSS can be compounded.
Condonation of delay: A court's permission to file an appeal or application after the time limit has passed, granted when the person shows sufficient cause for the delay. It is not available for filing a suit.
Consideration: Something of value given in return for a promise, such as money, goods, services or a promise to do or not do something. An agreement without consideration is generally void.

D

Default bail (statutory bail): The right of an arrested person to be released on bail if the police do not file the chargesheet within 60 or 90 days, depending on the offence. It is under Section 187 of the BNSS.
Deficiency in service: Any fault, shortcoming or inadequacy in the quality or manner of a service that the provider was bound to give by law or contract. It is a ground for a consumer complaint.

E

E-stamp paper (e-stamp certificate, e-stamping): A computer-generated stamp certificate, bought online or at an authorised centre, that replaces physical stamp paper for paying stamp duty in the States that have adopted e-stamping.
Encumbrance certificate (EC): A certificate from the registration department listing the registered transactions on a property, such as sales, mortgages and leases, over a chosen period. It helps a buyer or lender check the title.
Ex parte: A step taken by a court in the absence of one party, usually because that party did not appear after being served. An ex parte decree can be set aside if there was sufficient cause for not appearing.
Executant (executor of a document, signatory): The person who signs a document and is bound by it, such as the seller in a sale deed or the donor in a gift deed. At registration, the executant must appear and admit the signature.
Execution petition: An application to the court to enforce a decree or order that the losing party has not obeyed, for example by attaching property or ordering possession.
Executor: The person named in a will to carry out its instructions: collect the property, pay debts and hand over the gifts to the people named.

F

Family settlement (family arrangement): An arrangement among family members to settle disputes or possible claims over family property. Courts favour such settlements, and a memorandum recording one already made may not need registration.
First Information Report (FIR) (FIR, zero FIR, e-FIR): The written record a police station makes of information about a cognizable offence. It starts the investigation. Since 1 July 2024 it is registered under Section 173 of the BNSS.

G

Gazette notification for name change (change of name gazette): Publishing a change of name in the Gazette of India or a State gazette, after an affidavit and newspaper notices, so that the new name is accepted on official documents.
Gift deed: A document by which a person transfers property to another voluntarily and without payment. A gift of immovable property must be by a registered deed attested by two witnesses.
Gratuity (gratuity payment): A lump sum an employer pays an employee who leaves after the qualifying period of service, at 15 days' wages for every completed year. Since 21 November 2025 it is governed by the Code on Social Security, 2020.
Guarantor (surety): A person who promises a lender to pay the debt if the borrower does not. In law the guarantor is called the surety, and their liability is generally the same as the borrower's.

H

Hypothecation: A charge on movable property, such as a vehicle, stock or machinery, created in favour of a lender as security for a loan, while the borrower keeps possession of it.

I

Indemnity bond (indemnity): A written promise to make good any loss the other party suffers because of something the person giving it did or asked for. Banks, companies and offices ask for one before issuing duplicates or releasing money.
Interim injunction (temporary injunction, stay order): A temporary court order that stops a party from doing something, or requires them to do something, until the case is decided, to protect the subject matter of the dispute.
Intestate succession (dying without a will, intestacy): How a person's property is inherited when they die without a valid will. The heirs and their shares are fixed by the succession law that applies to the person.

L

Lease (lease deed, tenancy): A transfer of the right to use immovable property for a period in return for rent. A lease for more than one year must be by a registered document.
Leave and licence (leave and license): An arrangement where an owner allows a person to use premises for a fee without giving them any interest in the property. It is widely used instead of a lease, especially in Maharashtra.
Legal heir certificate (heirship certificate, family member certificate): An administrative certificate from the revenue authorities, such as the Tahsildar, that names the surviving family members of a person who has died.
Legal notice (demand notice): A formal written notice, usually sent through an advocate, telling the other side of a claim and what they must do. It is compulsory before some cases, such as suits against the government and cheque bounce complaints.
Letters of administration: A court grant that authorises a person to administer the estate of someone who died without a will, or whose will names no executor willing to act.
Limitation period (time limit, time barred): The time within which a suit, appeal or application must be filed. A case filed after it is dismissed, even if the claim is otherwise valid.

M

Memorandum of understanding (MoU) (MoU): A written document recording what two or more parties have agreed to do together. Whether it binds them like a contract depends on its wording and their intention.
Mortgage (equitable mortgage): Using immovable property as security for a loan. The owner keeps the property, but the lender gets the right to recover the loan from it if the loan is not repaid.
Mutation (khata transfer, dakhil kharij, namantaran): Changing the name of the owner in the revenue or municipal records after a sale, gift or inheritance. It is needed for property tax and records, but it does not by itself prove or give ownership.

N

No objection certificate (NOC): A letter from a person, body or authority stating that it has no objection to a particular act, such as a sale, a transfer, a loan closure or a change of job.
Nominee (nomination): The person named to receive the money in a bank account, insurance policy or investment when the holder dies. In most cases the nominee receives it on behalf of the legal heirs, not as owner.
Non-disclosure agreement (NDA) (NDA, confidentiality agreement): A contract in which one or both parties promise to keep shared information confidential and use it only for an agreed purpose.
Notary (notary public, notarisation): A legal practitioner appointed by the Central or a State government to authenticate documents, verify signatures, administer oaths and certify copies. Notarisation does not replace registration.

P

Partition deed: A document by which co-owners of a property divide it so that each gets a separate share in their own name. A partition of immovable property must be registered.
Partnership deed (partnership agreement): The written agreement between the partners of a firm on capital, profit sharing, duties and exits. Registering the firm is optional, but an unregistered firm cannot sue to enforce its contracts.
Plaint (civil suit, statement of claim): The written statement of claim with which a civil suit begins. It sets out the facts, the cause of action and the relief asked for, and is filed with the court fee.
Power of attorney (POA, GPA, SPA): A document by which one person (the principal) authorises another (the attorney or agent) to act on their behalf, either generally or for specific tasks.
Probate: A court's certified copy of a will, granted to the executor, which confirms that the will is genuine and gives the executor authority to manage the estate. Since December 2025 it is no longer compulsory anywhere in India.
Promissory note (pronote, demand promissory note): A signed written promise to pay a fixed sum of money to a named person or to their order. It is a negotiable instrument and is commonly used as proof of a loan.

R

Registration of documents: Recording a signed document with the Sub-Registrar under the Registration Act, 1908. It is compulsory for most documents that create or transfer rights in immovable property.
Relinquishment deed (release deed, hakk sod patra): A document by which a co-owner, usually a legal heir, gives up their share in a jointly owned property in favour of the other co-owners. It must be registered.
RTI application (right to information request): A request under the Right to Information Act, 2005 asking a public authority for information it holds. The authority must reply within 30 days, and you can appeal if it does not.

S

Sale deed (conveyance deed): The registered document by which the seller transfers ownership of immovable property to the buyer. Ownership passes on its registration, not on an agreement to sell.
Stamp duty: A tax paid to the State government on a legal document, such as a sale deed, gift deed, lease or agreement, at or before the time it is signed.
Succession certificate: A certificate from a civil court that lets the holder collect debts and securities, such as bank deposits, shares and dues, of a person who has died.

U

Undertaking (undertaking letter): A written promise to do or not do something, given to a court, an authority or another party. Breaking an undertaking given to a court can be punished as contempt.
Unfair trade practice: A dishonest or deceptive method used to sell goods or services, such as false claims, misleading advertisements, refusing to give a bill, or refusing to take back defective goods within the time allowed.

V

Vakalatnama (vakalat): The document by which a party authorises an advocate to appear and act for them in a court case. The advocate files it in court before acting.

W

Will (testament): A written declaration of how a person wants their property to pass after death. It must be signed by the person making it (the testator) and attested by two witnesses; registration is optional.
Written statement (defendant's reply): The defendant's written reply to a plaint in a civil suit, answering each allegation and setting out the defence. It must be filed within 30 days of the summons, extendable up to 90 days.